Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology represents a transformative chapter in the history of psychology. His integration of biological, psychological, and social factors created a holistic framework that challenged Freud’s psychoanalysis and paved the way for modern psychological thought. By emphasizing social interest, free will, and the universal experience of inferiority, Adler offered a hopeful, pragmatic, and deeply humanistic vision of mental health and personal development. Adler: Narcissism is Social, Striving for Superiority, Excess Self-efficacy (Contra Freud)